Investigating the effect of changing concentration on the rate of reaction

Here is my experiment write-up on the effect of changing concentration on the rate of reaction: I have tried to embed it but if it doesn't work, here is the link:
https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1YQu2SBVzgztkAJ-2xsccJAWCSeKpQdVithbqXvBaJYg

Rates of Reaction

As I did it on a word document, here is the link to the google document:

https://docs.google.com/open?id=1SYEykrVZIkXaHlSlC1YwKxlIE7jO_3Aj2b95Rv-YsN9ryLvSks41lgzRrvqc

Fermentation

Advantages of Fermentation:

• The raw materials used in the process are renewable resources
• Acids are obtained which can be used in the production of certain foods
• It allows the creation of ATP (energy) in the absence of oxygen
• It produces hydrogen 
• Fermentation plays a big role in acquiring the flavour of tea or wine

Disadvantages of Fermentation:

• The process takes a long time
• It produces alcohol that is not refined which creates a need for further processing
• a byproduct of fermentation (VOC) is highly toxic to humans

Advantages of INDUSTRIAL fermentation:

• It is very efficient and can produce a lot of alcohol in a shorter amount of time
• The product is more refined 
• The by-products of industrial fermentation can also be used in the production of consumer items because it breaks down and re-assembles biochemicals

Disadvantages of INDUSTRIAL fermentation:

• High levels of energy are needed in this type of fermentation
• Industrial fermentation uses resources that are non-renewable

Unit 3.8 Describe the addition reaction of alkenes with bromine, including decolourising

1. Write the word equation showing the reaction between Ethene and bromine water:

Ethene (g) + Bromine Water (aq) --> Dibromoethane

2. Draw the displayed formula of the reaction above: 

3. Explain the observations:

The reaction turns the water from red-brown to colourless

4.Why does this reaction not need a catalyst?

Because the unsaturated carbon carbon double bond is so reactive it facilitates the reaction on its own

5. What type of reaction is this called?

An addition reaction

6.Explain why this reaction is useful:
Because it can be used as a chemical test for Alkenes and the presence of the carbon carbon double bond

Unit 3.2 and 3.3 I can recall the general and displayed formulae for Alkanes

What is the general formula of Alkanes?
C_nH_2n+2

Unit 3.5 I can recall the reaction of methane and bromine to form bromomethane in the presence of UV light

·         Alkanes react with bromine in the presence of UV light

·         Explain why this condition is necessary because the UV light is required for the energy to break the bonds between carbon and hydrogen

3.       What is this type of reaction called A substitution reaction

4.       State and explain the observations The bromine and methane mixture goes from brown to a colour-less gas, because Bromine is brown whereas when reacted, the product (Bromomethane and Hydrogen Bromide) are colourless, therefore the resulting solution is colourless.

5.       Draw the displayed formula of the reaction between methane and bromine (upload a photo)

6.       Write out a balanced (with state symbols) the reaction between ethane and chlorine

C2H6 (g) + Cl2 (g) --> C2H5cl (g) + HCl (g)

7.       State and explain the observations in this chemical reaction

From a yellow gas to a colourless gas

3.4 I can recall the products of complete and incomplete combustion of alkenes

1.       Saturated hydrocarbons are called Alkanes

2.       Small chain Alkanes are used as fuels

3.       The reaction is called combustion

4.       The word equation for  this chemical reaction is :

fuel (Alkane) + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

5.       If there is insufficient oxygen then the word equation is:

fuel (Alkanes_) + Oxygen → Carbon Monoxide + Water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

6.       The problem with this reaction is that carbon monoxide is produced this gas is a threat to the human body (see objective 5.11)

7.       Where can you find incomplete combustion?

In car engines

8.       What is used to reduce the harmful products from incomplete combustion?

A catalytic converter

9.       During incomplete combustion a smoky flame is often seen, explain this observation

Extn: write a balanced equation (with state symbols) for the combustion of propane gas

The unburnt carbon from the incomplete combustion forms the black soot of the smoky flame

C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) --> 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)

Unit 5.13 I can describe catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons

1. A catalyst is: a substance that changes the rate of the chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change in the process
2. Catalysts are used to speed up the chemical reaction of cracking
3. A high temperature is needed not only to break the bonds between the existing long-chain molecules but also to increase the speed of the reaction with the increased heat




1. Why is a broken pot used in the experiment?
So that the silica can act as a catalyst for the cracking experiment
2. What the purpose of the cracking experiment?
To break up the long chain molecules into more useful long chain molecules
3. 

Unit 5.12 I can recall the problems associated with the fractional distillation of crude oil

3. a) When crude oil undergoes fractional distillation there are too many long-chain molecules (eg. bitumen) produced and not enough short chain hydrocarbons (eg refinery gases) 
b) To solve these problems the long chain hydrocarbons undergo a chemical reaction called cracking
(page 145 of chem 4 you) 

5.11 I can recall how nitrogen oxides are formed in car engines

a.       Write the general equation for the combustion of a fuel

Oxygen + Fuel ---> Oxides + Energy + Water

b.      During combustion the nitrogen in air can react to form what gases?

NOx gases, ie. NO and NO2

c.       What condition is necessary for the formation of these gases?

Extremely high temperatures

d.      In what common object is this condition found?

Cars

e.      Why is this condition needed for nitrogen to react?

Because nitrogen is a diatomic molecule with 3 strong covalent bonds, meaning that it's structure is similar to that of the inert noble gases which means they need high levels of energy to break the bonds

f.        What are the dangers of the products from this reaction?

NOx gases can cause lung disease, asthma, heart disease, bronchitis and can shorten your life expectancy by 9 years

Unit 5.10: I can recall the problems associated with incomplete combustion

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1. Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas that is toxic to the human body
2. Carbon monoxide is formed through incomplete combustion, or the partial oxidation of carbon containing compound
3. Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it attaches itself to the haemoglobin

Unit 5.9 I can describe the trend in boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions

a.       What is the trend in boiling point of the fractions?

As you go down the fractionating column the chain molecules are longer resulting in higher boiling points

b.      Define viscosity (source your definition)

The ability of a liquid to flow www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/glossary.html

c.       What is the trend in viscosity of the fractions?

As you go down the fractionating column the viscosity of the liquid produced increases

d.      What is the trend in colour of the fractions?

As you go down the fractionating column the colour of the fractions get darker

e.      Why is crude oil separated into fractions?

So that it is able to be used

f.        What process is used to separate crude oil into fractions?

Fractional Distillation

g.       What physical property allows this process to work?

The different boiling points of the separate fractions

Fractional Distillation Unit 5.8

Unit 5.7 I can describe the industrial process of fractional distillation separating crude oil

5.6 I can recall what crude oil is made from

pg. 139 in Chemistry for You

a. Define the word hydrocarbon….	A hydrocarbon is a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
b. What is crude oil made from?	Crude oil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons, and is formed from tiny animals and plants which lived in the sea millions of years ago
c. Define the word compound….	a chemical substance consisting of two or more different elements that can be separated chemically
d. Define the word mixture…..	a substance composed of two or more elements/substances mixed together but not chemically bonded

pg. 140 - 141 in Chemistry for You

d. How long does crude oil take to make?	Around 150 million years
e. Where does the energy in crude oil originally come from?	The sun, as the light energy used by the plants/organic matter in photosynthesis are trapped and stored
f. How is crude oil different from coal?	Coal comes from dead trees and ferns whereas crude oil is formed from dead animals, and coal is not a hydrocarbon and contains more than just hydrogen and carbon
g. Crude oil, coal and natural gas are collectively known as _________ fuels	Fossil fuels
h. How is crude oil transported when it is extracted from the ground?	Pipelines or oil tankers

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